Publication abstracts
Allen, W.; Bosch, O.; Kilvington, M.; Oliver, J.; Gilbert, M. 2001. Benefits of collaborative learning for environmental management: Applying the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management approach to support animal pest control. Environmental Management 27(2): 215-223
Abstract: Resource management issues continuously change over time in response to co-evolving social, economic and ecological systems. Under these conditions adaptive management, or 'learning by doing', offers an opportunity for more proactive and collaborative approaches to resolving environmental problems. In turn, this will require the implementation of learning-based extension approaches in addition to more traditional linear technology transfer approaches within the area of environmental extension. The ISKM (Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management) approach is presented to outline how such learning-based approaches can be used to help communities develop, and to apply and refine technical information within a larger context of shared understanding. To illustrate this in practice the paper uses a case study involving pest management. Particular attention is paid to the issues which emerge as a result of multiple stakeholder involvement within environmental problem situations. Finally, the potential role for the Internet in supporting and disseminating the experience gained through ongoing adaptive management processes is examined.
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Allen, W.; Bosch, O.; Kilvington, M.; Harley, D.; Brown I. 2001. Monitoring and adaptive management: addressing social and organisational issues to improve information sharing. Natural Resources Forum 25(3): 225-233
Abstract: Adaptive, or 'learning by doing', approaches are often advocated as a means of providing increased understanding within natural resource management. However, a number of organisational and social issues need to be resolved if these approaches are to be used successfully. A case study in the South Island high country of New Zealand is used to review what is needed to support an ongoing community-based monitoring and adaptive management programme. First, the case study is described, paying attention to the social context of the resource management problem. The results of a workshop which explored this problem are then outlined, along with a proposed information flow suggested by participants. Requirements for future steps to resolve these problems (such as information protocols and a multi-stakeholder information system) are discussed. Finally, some broad lessons are drawn from this exercise that could help others developing similar approaches.
Allen, W.J.; Bosch, O.J.H.; Kilvington, M.J. 2001. ISKM (Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management): A participatory framework to help communities identify and adopt more sustainable resource management practices. In: Getting results through collaboration: networks and network structures for public policy and management. Ed. Myrna Mandell, Quorum Books, Greenwood Publishing Group: Westport USA pp. 255-260.
Allen, W.J.; Kilvington, M.J. 1999: Why involving people is important: The forgotten part
of environmental information system management. In: Proceedings:
2nd International Conference on Multiple Objective Decision Support Systems
for Land, Water and Environmental Management (MODSS '99) Brisbane, Australia,
1-6 August 1999 (in press)
Abstract: Developing information management systems to support decision making on-the-ground cannot take place in isolation of the broader social context within which people generate and utilise information and learn. The technology and hardware components, which are the most visible aspects of such systems, receive most attention from researchers and funders. However, if we want people to use information more effectively to help change the way they look at the world - and how they go about managing its resources - then we must pay equal attention to the social aspects of information systems, in particular to ensure that they support learning. This paper outlines the requirements for collaborative learning, by which the differing perspectives of multiple stakeholders are coordinated to manage complex environmental problems. A process for utilising the principles of collaborative learning for developing integrated information systems to support decision making is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the new skills of relationship building, facilitation, and conflict management required by multidisciplinary teams developing such systems. Examples to illustrate how these skills could be used in practice are drawn from case studies in resource management in New Zealand.
Allen, W.J.; Bosch, O.J.H.; Gibson, R.G.; Jopp, A.J. 1998: Co-learning our way to sustainability: An integrated and community-based research approach to support natural resource management decision-making. In: Multiple objective decision making for land, water and environmental management. El-Swaify, S.A.; Yakowitz, D.S. eds. Lewis Publishers, Boston. Ch. 4: Pp. 51-59.
Summary: A brief discussion of sustainability is presented to provide an introduction from which to discuss challenges facing resource managers trying to introduce more sustainable environmental practices. These include the need to address multiple social perspectives, fragmented knowledge and information systems and environmental/social change. An outline is given of how the use of participatory and learning-based approaches such as the Integrated Systems for Knowledge Management (ISKM) can help to more closely linking research with management and policy.
Allen, W.J. 1997: Towards improving the role of evaluation within natural resource management R&D programmes: The case for learning by doing. Canadian Journal of Development Studies (Special issue on results-based evaluation) 18: 629-643.
Abstract: The increasing use of participatory development approaches in recent years pose new challenges for decision-makers and evaluators. Because these programmes are designed to be responsive to changing community needs, one of the most pressing challenges is to develop participatory and systems-based evaluative processes to allow for ongoing learning, correction, and adjustment by all parties concerned. This paper outlines one such evaluation process, and uses a case study in New Zealand to illustrate its benefits in the light of current issues facing both evaluators and natural resource managers.
Allen, W.J.; Bosch, O.J.H. 1996: Shared experiences: the basis for a cooperative approach to identifying and implementing more sustainable land management practices In: Proceedings of symposium on resource management: issues, visions, practice" Lincoln University, New Zealand, 5-8 July, Pp. 1-10.
Abstract: Given the complexity and different social perceptions surrounding many resource management issues, the challenge facing science is to develop understanding, knowledge, forums and learning environments to better inform and support more sustainable decision-making. An essential component of any process to achieve these aims will focus on placing contributed information "in context". This paper describes the importance of community dialogue processes to support the identification and adoption of more sustainable land management. The benefits of a cooperative approach the planning of different sectors of society towards a more coordinated set of environmental goals are outlined.
Bosch, O.J.H.; Allen, W.J.; Williams, J.M.; Ensor, A. 1996: An integrated system for maximising community knowledge: Integrating community-based monitoring into the adaptive management process in the New Zealand high country. The Rangeland Journal 18(1): 23-32.
Abstract: This paper describes the development of a process to facilitate the identification and introduction of sustainable land management practices in the high country of New Zealand. The process was designed to gather and structure community knowledge (both local and scientific) into a single, accessible decision support system (DSS). The development and provision of appropriate, and user-friendly monitoring tools is supported. An outline is given of how this integrated system can be used to integrate monitoring with adaptive management. Special reference is made to how this process is used as a large-scale ecological "experiment", to enhance continually the knowledge base available for land use decision-making in the South Island high country of New Zealand.
Bosch, O.J.H.; Allen, W.J.; Gibson, R.S. 1996: Monitoring as an integral part of management and policy making In: Proceedings of symposium on resource management: issues, visions, practice" Lincoln University, New Zealand, 5-8 July, Pp. 12-21.
Abstract: This paper describes the key elements of a successful monitoring programme to help those entrusted with the responsibility of managing our natural resources. It will also illustrate how these elements can be brought together within a robust framework. Finally, an example of such a monitoring programme in the South Island high country is provided and evaluated against the required elements for successful monitoring.
Bosch, O.J.H.; Allen, W.J.; O'Connor, A.H.; Ensor, A.; Jopp, A.J.; Cameron, H.; & Allan, B. 1996: Developing a better understanding of Hieracium invasion in the New Zealand high country: a participatory approach. Proceedings of the New Zealand Grassland Association 58: 161-165.
Abstract: Given the complexity and different social perceptions surounding many resource management issues, the challenge facing science is to develop understanding, knowledge and learning environments to better inform and support decision-makers. This paper describes one such cooperative research initiative to address an invasive weed problem (Hieracium spp.) in the tussock grasslands of the South Island high country. The cooperative and integrated process combines knowledge from both farmer experience and conventional science to provide relevant and practical strategies for action. Resulting strategies are described and their potential and limitations within overall pastoral system approaches are discussed. The benefits of this approach for both scientists and farmers are outlined.
Gibson, R.S.; Allen, W.J.; Bosch, O.J.H. 1995: Condition assessment concepts and their role in facilitating range management. Annals of Arid Zone 343:: 179-189.
Abstract: This paper reviews the development of the theories and concepts underpinning current understanding of vegetation dynamics in the world's rangelands. The influence these have had on the development of condition assessment techniques is also demonstrated. Unless they are placed in a context where they can aid decision-making, however, the results of monitoring have little meaning or use. The paper concludes by describing how monitoring techniques can be integrated into systems-oriented and community-based research to make maximum use of the information necessary for rangeland decisions.
Harmsworth, G. 1997: Mäori values for land use planning. New Zealand Association of Resource Management (NZARM) Broadsheet , February 1997, Pp.37 - 52.
Abstract: This paper is a summary of research being undertaken in the FRST programme 'Māori values for land use planning' (Harmsworth 1995). The research has involved working closely with representatives from five iwi: Ngaati Porou, Rangitaane, Ngaati Tuuwharetoa, Te Whaanau-aa-Apanui, and Ngai Tahu. A number of other iwi representatives have also been involved in commenting on and using the methods and frameworks developed to date and are thanked for their contribution. The main objective has been to develop methods and frameworks for recording, organising, analysing and displaying Māori values information, including maatauranga Māori (traditional knowledge), in geographic information systems (GIS) and multi-media systems. Methods are designed to take into account the sensitivity of the information, cultural and intellectual property rights, and existing Māori systems for recording this knowledge. The research is providing methods and frameworks for the development of comprehensive Māori value datasets and models specific to, and owned by, individual hapuu or iwi. From these datasets information can be displayed as a series of GIS 'layers' .Robust spatial infomation systems are required to assist planners formulate planning and policy. It is hoped in future to integrate this cultural information with biophysical, economic, and social information for iwi and hapuu planning.
Harmsworth, G. 1998: Indigenous values and GIS: a method and a framework. Netherlands organisation for international cooperation in higher education (Nuffic), 6(3).
Abstract: In New Zealand, geographic information systems (GIS) are becoming increasingly important in all areas of resource management and environmental planning. There is growing interest among the Māori , the indigenous people of New Zealand, in the use of GIS to help them achieve some of their goals and aspirations. This article describes recent efforts to identify Māori values which are part of Māori traditional knowledge (maatauranga Māori ). It then presents a method and framework for incorporating these values into GIS tools.
Harmsworth, G. 1997: Mäori values and GIS: the New Zealand experience. GIS Asia Pacific, April 1997.
Abstract: Examples from both New Zealand and Canada indicate that where GIS is used and developed by indigenous peoples, they add their own cultural imprint and a further dimension to GIS applications. One of the most important aspects of this is the development of GIS tools as complementary systems to indigenous knowledge systems that have traditionally stored and transferred knowledge and information in oral form, and where links to people, places, and cultural activities are very important. Māori provide a number of examples of the ability of developing GIS in a culturally appropriate manner, consistent with traditional beliefs, customs, and values.
Harmsworth, G. 2001: A collaborative research model for working with iwi: discussion paper Landcare Research Contract Report LC2001/119. Landcare Research, New Zealand.
Abstract:This discussion paper is prepared for the Foundation for Research Science and Technology (FRST), to help develop an effective collaborative research model (or models) for working with iwi. The paper uses the FRST-funded Ngati Porou programme "Māori community goals for enhancing ecosystem health" (FRST contract TWWX0001) as a case study, but draws on Landcare Research's experience working with a number of Māori organisations on a range of projects. The paper outlines some of the key ingredients of successful collaborative research with iwi. It also describes some of the barriers to, and difficulties in, setting up collaborative research projects with Māori. The paper is intended to promote ideas and some recommendations for discussion, rather than being an exhaustive and definitive report. Some key findings are: research proposals and collaborative research can only happen once a meaningful relationship is established; credible relationships take a long time to build, but are critical to successful collaborative research;a very clear understanding of future relationships needs to be articulated at an early planning stage, and may follow certain protocols;research and project management capability, and human capacity, are pre-requisites for starting collaborative research projects;building human capacity and developing collaborative research go hand in hand;developing collaborative research with iwi and hapu requires adequate resources; characterising important Māori issues at a national level will help identify collaborative research opportunities;collaborative projects with iwi need to be evaluated using a wider set of criteria than just research or science outcomes.
Kilvington, M. & Allen, W. (2001). A Participatory Evaluation Process to Strengthen the Effectiveness of Industry Teams in Achieving Resource Use Efficiency: The Target Zero Programme of Christchurch City Council. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC0001/62
Kilvington, M.; Taylor, R.; Allen, W. 2000: Restoration and the City: looking for a framework for social and ecological restoration. In: Stewart, G.; Ignatieva, M. ed.Urban biodiversity and ecology as a basis for holistic planning and design. Lincoln University International Centre for Nature Conservation Publication Number 1. Christchurch, Wickcliffe Press. Pp. 72-79.
Abstract: Urban environments are undeniably human environments. However, many attempts at ecosystem restoration in urban areas founder because they do not effectively engage with local people. In particular, they fail to consider the diverse values for the natural environment that are important to local people and pay little attention to processes that result in long-term care by these residents. However, the process of change can be creative and collaborative. Such a change process is characterised by efforts to foster trust and the exchange of ideas. It focuses on learning, and the best conditions for this, builds relationships and networks, and involves people in setting the direction of the change rather than discussing alternatives. The consequences of such a change process are more positive connections between agencies and the public, long-term commitment to progressing the change, and participants whose sense of empowerment leads them to move on to new initiatives when their original purpose for involvement has ended. Against this background this paper looks at the challenge of creating integration between the urban and natural environment as defined through understanding the social and physical needs of all people, while solutions are targeted to meet multiple goals and outcomes.
Kilvington, M.; Rosier, J.; Wilkinson, R.; Freeman, C. 1998: Urban restoration: social opportunities and constraints. Paper presented to the Symposium on Restoring the Health and Wealth of Ecosystems, 28-30 September 1998, Christchurch, New Zealand.
Abstract: The climate created by international agreements such as the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity and New Zealand's Resource Management Act 1991 is placing a responsibility on local and regional authorities to reclaim the concept of biodiversity protection from its use in predominantly wilderness areas and apply it to highly modified pastoral and urban environments. In developing alternative plans for landscape restoration and rehabilitation in such strongly people-oriented environments, consideration must be given to peoples' values and attitudes to urban vegetation, their understanding of indigenous ecosystems, and their acceptance of natives compared with exotics. The most important sets of attitudes are those that present opportunities for community involvement in landscape transformation, and those that may pose barriers to change. Contemporary research on the main opportunities and constraints for community involvement in urban landscape transformation is summarised, and the results of a Christchurch pilot study are discussed and related to international experience.
Kilvington, Margaret and Wilkinson Roger, 1999. Community Attitudes to Vegetation in the Urban Environment: a Christchurch Case Study. Landcare Research Science Series No.22. Manaaki Whenua Press
Kilvington, Margaret. Investigation of Community Attitudes and Perceptions regarding natural heritage in the Manukau and Awhitu Ecological Districts. 1999. Landcare Research contract report LC899/07.
Kilvington, M., Allen, W. and Kravchenko, C. (1999) Improving Farmer Motivation Within Tb Vector Control. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC9899/110
Kilvington, M. 1998: The Whaingaroa Catchment Management Project: A Multi-stakeholder Approach to Sustainable Catchment Management. Landcare Research Contract Report: LC9899/021
Abstract: The Whaingaroa Catchment Management Project (WCMP) represents the first formal attempt in New Zealand at establishing community-based, integrated environmental management on a catchment scale. The cornerstones of the project are that it is holistic and participatory. These are fundamental principles of integrated environmental management as it has been developed through a series of practical programmes in community-based planning in North America, Australia and Canada. This report documents an evaluation of this programme that was undertaken in July 1998. The evaluation is comprised of two parts: A review of the progress of the community project steering group, established through the Whaingaroa Catchment management project; and an assessment of the trial process (based on the North American Atlantic Coastal Action Programme) used in the Whaingaroa Catchment management project.
Comments and feedback on this Collaborative Learning site are welcomed and should be directed to Garth Harmsworth ( Email
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Page last updated: September 14, 2001